INTRODUCTION:

Cosmetics:

The term "cosmetic" originates from the Greek word "kosm tikos," meaning skilled in adornment. Herbal cosmetics, referred to as "Products," combine permissible ingredients with one or more herbal extracts to provide specific beauty benefits.

In the 1990s, manufacturers coined the term "cosmeceuticals" for over-the-counter skincare products containing plant-based actives like alpha-hydroxy acids and retinoic acid. These ingredients aim to improve skin elasticity, reduce wrinkles, protect against UV damage and prevent collagen degradation. Skin issues affect all age groups, often caused by environmental factors, microbes, and nutritional deficiencies. Traditional knowledge of natural remedies has guided the formulation of these Products.

The requirements for the basic skin care:

· Cleansing agent: Cleansing agents are skincare products help to clear the skin from impurities by removing dirt, dead cells and excess oils that can clog pores. Natural cleansers like coconut oil, sesame oil and palm oil are popular options for gently purifying the skin.

· Toners: Toners play a crucial role in refining the skin's texture and shielding it from airborne toxins and environmental stressors. Certain botanicals like witch hazel, geranium, sage, lemon, ivy and burdock root are commonly used in toner formulations to help achieve a balanced and protected complexion.

· Moisturizer: Moisturizer is essential for achieving soft, supple skin and a radiant complexion. Well-hydrated skin appears healthier and is more resilient to signs of aging. Natural moisturizers like vegetable glycerin, sorbitol, and rose water, as well as emollients such as jojoba oil, aloe vera, and iris extract, help to lock in moisture and nourish the skin¹.

Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomile):

History:

Matricaria chamomilla L, commonly known as chamomile, is a highly revered medicinal plant, often regarded as a standout among its peers. Its popularity is reflected in its growing domestic and international market demand, which continues to rise steadily³. It is known for its cultural significance and is used in traditional medicines since ancient times. Ancient Egyptian civilizations used chamomile for its healing properties and associated it with their sun deity. They used it to alleviate fever, pain and skin issues. During the Middle Ages, chamomile emerged as a cornerstone of European herbalism, treating digestive issues, insomnia and inflammation. Monasteries also cultivated chamomile and it was used as a strewing herb to freshen and purify the air. As modern pharmacology emerged in the 19th century, chamomile's therapeutic benefits were methodically examined. It became a popular ingredient in teas, tinctures, and ointments and was cherished for its calming and anti-inflammatory properties. Today, Matricaria chamomilla is a widely used component in herbal teas, cosmetics, and over-the-counter remedies. It is known globally for its soothing impact on mind and body, often employed to mitigate stress, promote sleep and ease digestive discomfort. Chamomile's enduring popularity across cultures and centuries solidifies its significance in natural medicine.

For thousands of years, chamomile has been a highly valued herb in traditional medicine, used by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans to harness its therapeutic properties⁴. The Anglo-Saxons held this herb in high esteem, considering it one of nine sacred plants bestowed upon humanity by God⁵. Chamomile is a recognized medicinal agent, listed in the official pharmacopoeias of 26 nations worldwide⁶. Chamomile is a key component in various Unani and Homeopathic remedies^7,8. Chamomile has been traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of flatulence, colic, and hysteria, as well as to help manage intermittent fever⁹.

Chamomile is a well-known herb in Western traditions, with a rich history of medicinal use dating back to ancient times. Renowned figures like Hippocrates, Galen and Asclepius wrote about its benefits. Today, chamomile is a popular ingredient in herbal teas, valued for its calming, soothing and anti-spasmodic properties. It is also used in topical products for its skin-soothing and anti-inflammatory effects. The herb has a sweet, grassy and slightly fruity aroma, with daisy-like flowers featuring yellow centers and white petals. Infusions, extracts, and essential oils are made from the fresh and dried flower heads¹³. Recent research initiatives have focused on developing new chamomile varieties with enhanced flower production and improved active substance content. However, there is growing demand for organically grown herbal products as herbicides and insecticides affect the content of active substance. New chamomile varieties were introduced in Quebec and Canada and were cultivated by following organic practices. Chamomile is esteemed for its versatility and broad therapeutic potential, offering relief for a wide range of common health issues. Chamomile has been revered for its extensive therapeutic properties, earning it the nickname "doctor plant." Chamomile tea is a remarkably popular beverage, with an estimated one million cups enjoyed globally every day. Varro Tyler, a prominent German clinician and herbal medicine expert regarded it as "European counterpart of ginseng," due to its popularity. The flowers of M. chamomilla contain 0.2 to 1.9% essential oil and it has variety of uses^10,11. Chamomile is used mainly as an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antispasmodic¹². It is used internally mainly as a tisane. It is very effectively for inflammation of the urinary tract and for painful menstruation. Topical applications of chamomile powder can aid in the treatment of chronic wounds, skin irritations, and infections like shingles and boils. Additionally, it can be used to alleviate hemorrhoid symptoms and reduce inflammation in the mouth, throat and eyes. In Europe, chamomile flower extract products are widely available and utilized for various health issues. However, it's important to note that using chamomile tea as an eye wash can trigger allergic conjunctivitis in some individuals. The allergens responsible for this reaction are the pollen particles present in the chamomile infusions².

Biological Source:

Matricaria chamomilla (Syn: Chamomilla recutita Rauschert) is an annual plant belonging to family of Asteraceae. Chamomile is one of the most frequently used medicinal plants, and has a commanding place in the world market.

Parts of Plant: Chamomile flower heads are a valuable ingredient in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and beverage industry. The extracts obtained from these flowers possess a range of beneficial properties like promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety. It also exhibits antidepressant-like effects and has potential in inhibiting tumor growth. It also helps in reducing inflammation and soothing skin irritations. It also enhances skin regeneration and wound healing.

Microscopy:

1. Epidermis: Chamomile flowers' epidermal cells display a distinctive polygonal shape, characterized by straight-edged walls. Notably, these cells house tiny, rounded oil droplets that play a significant role in producing the plant's distinctive and recognizable aroma.

2. Stomata: The leaf structure of chamomile features a unique characteristic: the presence of anomocytic stomata, which are predominantly located on the underside of the leaves, specifically on the lower epidermal surface.

3. Trichomes: Chamomile's surface features two distinct types of trichomes: non-glandular and glandular. The non-glandular trichomes are composed of multiple cells and exhibit varied shapes, ranging from straight to curved. In contrast, the glandular trichomes consist of a multicellular base and a specialized secretory head, responsible for synthesizing essential oils that contribute to the plant's aromatic properties.

4. Vascular Tissue: The vascular bundles in chamomile consist of xylem and phloem, which are well-differentiated. The xylem vessels are lignified, appearing thick-walled and circular in cross-section.

5. Pollen Grains: The pollen grains of chamomile are triporate. They are spherical in shape. Their size is about 20-30 micrometers in diameter⁴⁹.

Adulteration:

The authenticity of Matricaria chamomilla, commonly known as German chamomile, is a pressing issue in the herbal medicine sector, as its quality is often compromised by adulteration. It is often adulterated with following species:

Matricaria discoidea (Pineapple Weed)

Anthemis cotula (Stinking Chamomile or Mayweed)

Chrysanthemum species

Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile)⁵⁰

Allied Species:

Chamomile refers to various species in the Asteraceae family, many of which are allied or related to the true chamomile, some are –

Anthemis nobilis

Anthemis arvensis (Corn Chamomile)

Anthemis tinctoria (Golden Chamomile or Dyer's Chamomile)

Chamaemelum fuscatum (Dwarf Chamomile)

Tanacetum parthenium (Wild Chamomile)

Geographical Condition:

Croatia's Pannonian and Peripannonian regions offer ideal conditions for chamomile cultivation, making them the country's primary chamomile-producing areas. The region's climate allows for flexible sowing times. Chamomile germinates and grows at temperatures above 6°C, with optimal growth occurring between 20°C to 25°C. However, temperatures below 20°C can compromise herb quality. Adequate sunlight is essential for chamomile growth, while fluctuating spring temperatures can negatively impact quality. Chamomile thrives in humid environments, such as those found in Eastern Slavonia-Podravina, where water promotes flower and seed production. Inadequate precipitation can significantly reduce yields. Chamomile efficiently utilizes water during dry periods but may lose essential oils during excessive rainfall. Soil composition plays a crucial role in chamomile growth, and it can be cultivated on challenging soils where other plants struggle to grow.¹⁴

Climate Condition: Matricaria chamomilla prefers temperate climates, with a preference for sunny, well-exposed areas. It can tolerate a wide range of temperatures but grows best in regions with mild winters and warm summers. The ideal temperature range for chamomile growth is between 19°C to 28°C (66°F to 82°F). Chamomile is also tolerant of light frost¹⁵.

Soil Condition: Chamomile grows best in well-drained, sandy loam soils rich in organic matter. It prefers soils with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5, which provides a neutral to slightly acidic environment. Chamomile is relatively tolerant to poor soils but thrives in fertile conditions where nutrients are readily available¹⁶.

Altitude Condition: Chamomile can grow at a wide range of altitudes, from sea level up to 1,500 meters above sea level. However, the best growth and essential oil yield are typically found at altitudes between 200 to 800 meters, where temperature and soil conditions are optimal¹⁷.

Growing Season: Chamomile is typically planted in early spring or late summer. The growing season varies depending on the region, but the plant usually flowers in late spring to early summer. In warmer climates, chamomile can have multiple growing cycles per year.

Water Condition: Matricaria chamomilla requires moderate watering and does not tolerate waterlogged conditions. Excess moisture can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases. The plant is drought-tolerant to some extent but produces better yields when provided with regular, moderate irrigation¹⁸.

Light Requirement: Chamomile is a sun-loving plant that requires full sunlight to grow optimally. It needs at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight per day. Insufficient sunlight can result in poor growth and reduced flowering¹⁹.

Seasonal Requirement: Chamomile is typically sown in the early spring or late fall, depending on the climate. It flowers in late spring to early summer, and the flowers are harvested for their essential oils and other medicinal properties²⁰.

Collection and Cultivation:

German chamomile is adaptable to various soil types, but it's best avoided on soils that are rich, heavy, and prone to waterlogging. This crop demonstrates tolerance to cold temperatures, thriving in conditions ranging from 2°C to 20°C. Notably, it has been successfully cultivated on poor soil quality, such as loamy sand, at the Regional Research Laboratory's farm in Jammu. Similarly, at the National Botanical Research Institute's Banthra farm in Lucknow. German chamomile has flourished in soils with a pH level of 9, showcasing its versatility.²¹ German chamomile has been found to thrive in soils with a pH range of 9 - 9.2. In Hungary, it has been observed to grow abundantly on clayey lime soils, which are often considered marginal lands due to their poor fertility. Interestingly, research has shown that temperature and light conditions, such as sunshine hours, have a more significant impact on the production of essential oils and azulene than the type of soil it's grown in.²² Chamomile exhibits a remarkable ability to thrive in alkaline soils, showcasing a high level of tolerance. Notably, the plants have been found to absorb a significant amount of sodium, which in turn helps to mitigate soil salinity by reducing salt concentrations in the top soil^23,26. A comparative study of chamomile plants grown in Hungary and Finland (1500 km apart) revealed no significant differences in plant characteristics. However, the essential oil composition varied, with lower oxide levels in Finnish-grown plants due to cooler conditions. Chamomile cultivation is a labor-intensive process, with harvesting being the most costly operation. The success of commercial chamomile farming hinges on efficient flower collection during the peak blooming period (3-6 weeks in March-April). Flowers bloom profusely, requiring 30-40 labor units every alternate day to pluck flowers from a 0.25-0.3 ha area. Selective plucking is crucial, as only near-full bloom flowers yield the best quality product. Flowers emerge from late February, with 4-5 flushes observed throughout the season. The second, third, and fourth flushes contribute significantly to the overall yield. In North India, the peak plucking period occurs between mid-March and late April²⁴. Chamomile has a long history of cultivation in India, dating back to the Mughal period in Punjab (around 300 years ago) and Lucknow (approximately 200 years ago). Its introduction in Jammu occurred in 1957, and it was first grown in Lucknow's alkaline soils in the 1964-1965 period. Currently, there is no demand for blue oil in India, but chamomile flowers are in high demand. Two prominent companies, Ranbaxy Labs Limited and German Remedies, are the primary cultivators of chamomile flowers in the country. With a history spanning thousands of years, chamomile has been a valuable herb in traditional remedies. Cultivating chamomile is more economically viable than other crops, with the added benefit of low machinery costs, as harvesting activities only last around 10-14 days. Most producers also use specialized fertilizers for chamomile cultivation, further optimizing costs^25,26.

Phytoconstituents:

Chamomile flowers boast an impressive array of over 120 identified compounds, including the notable Chamazulene. This compound is formed through the transformation of matricin under specific conditions, such as high temperatures or acidic environments. When brewed into tea, chamomile flowers typically retain 10-15% of their essential oil content. Interestingly, the quality and quantity of this essential oil remain unaffected by factors like fertilizer application, irrigation, or pesticide use. However, variations can occur due to differences in growing regions and processing conditions. Additionally, wild and cultivated chamomile populations exhibit distinct mineral profiles, with wild chamomile showcasing a broader mineral range and cultivated types displaying higher K/Na and Ca/Mg ratios. The mineral dissolution in chamomile tea ranges from 10-26%, with potassium, calcium, and magnesium present in the highest concentrations. Flavonoid concentrations also vary across different flower parts, such as apigenin in ligulate flowers and quercetin in tubular flowers and receptacles. Other compounds like ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and unidentified phenolic derivatives are present in significant amounts. These compounds, along with flavonoids and phenolics, are soluble in hot water and can be obtained in notable amounts through regular consumption of infusions or teas²⁷.

Table 1. Phytoconstituents of Chamomile.

S No	Phytoconstituent	Part of Plant	Percentage
1	Amino acids	Present in the mucilage	Approximately 10%
2	Polysaccharides	Present in the mucilage	Approximately 10%
3	Fatty acids	Present in the mucilage	Approximately 10%
4	Volatile or essential oil	Flowers	0.4–2.0%
5	Terpenoids α-bisabolol and its oxides	Fresh flower heads	≤78%
6	Azulenes/ Chamazulene	Fresh flower heads	1–15%
7	Farnesene	Also present in the volatile oil	12–28%
8	Spathulenol	Also present in the volatile oil	8–20%
9	Spiroethers	Also present in the volatile oil	8–20%
10	Manganese	Whole plants	36 µg/g
11	Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds	Flower head
12	Apigenin	Flower head	16.8%
13	Quercetin	Flower head	9.9%
14	Patuletin	Flower head	6.5%
15	Luteolin	Flower head	1.9%
16	Phenolic derivatives	Whole Flower	25.8%
17	Coumarins / herniarin	-	0.1%
18	Umbelliferone	-	0.1%

Cosmetic Uses:

For centuries, chamomile has been a prized ingredient in skincare rituals and is revered for its calming properties. Ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and Egyptians, utilized crushed chamomile flowers to alleviate weather-induced skin irritations and dryness. Modern scientific inquiry has validated the efficacy of chamomile's compounds, positioning it as a versatile skincare agent. Chamomile's potential benefits for the skin include following:

Wound Healing:

Research suggests that chamomile essential oils possess antimicrobial properties, effective against various bacteria, fungi, and viruses. A scientific study demonstrated that a topical ointment containing Roman chamomile extract exhibited enhanced wound healing and antibacterial activity compared to both tetracycline ointment and a placebo, highlighting its potential as a natural remedy for infected wounds.

Inflammation:

Chamomile is a natural remedy often utilized to soothe skin inflammation caused by sunburn, rashes, and other irritations. Its anti-inflammatory properties have earned it recognition from the German Commission E, which has endorsed chamomile for treating skin inflammation. The presence of apigenin, a potent antioxidant, contributes to chamomile's anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory chemicals, thereby reducing inflammation.

Redness: Topical application of crushed chamomile can provide relief for red, irritated skin by addressing the underlying cause of inflammation. Chamomile's anti-inflammatory properties allow it to soothingly penetrate the skin, calming and alleviating redness and irritation.

Sensitive Skin:

Chamomile's anti-inflammatory and healing properties make it an excellent natural remedy for sensitive skin types, providing gentle and effective soothing relief. The presence of compounds like bisoprolol, chamazulene, and apigenin contribute to chamomile's calming and restorative effects, making it an ideal ingredient for sensitive skin care. Furthermore, studies in animal models suggest that topical chamomile creams may offer therapeutic benefits for individuals with skin conditions such as eczema.

Hyperpigmentation:

Hyperpigmentation occurs when certain skin areas produce excess melanin, resulting in darker patches compared to the surrounding skin. This condition occurs due to skin injuries, inflammation, sun exposure, acne, or hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy. Topical treatments containing chamomile may help alleviate hyperpigmentation. Chamomile's astringent and brightening properties can help reduce the appearance of acne scars and hyperpigmentation by tightening pores and softening the skin, leading to a more even-toned complexion with regular use.

Acne:

Chamomile's multifaceted properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant capabilities, make it a potential solution for acne-prone skin. Its astringent properties can help tighten skin tissues, while its gentle antibacterial action can combat acne-causing bacteria. Additionally, chamomile may help reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation and red spots, promoting a clearer complexion by accelerating cell regeneration.

Anti-aging:

Antioxidants play a crucial role in combating oxidative stress, which arises from the accumulation of free radicals generated by normal metabolic processes and inflammation. This stress is associated with various signs of aging, including fine lines, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation. Chamomile boasts an impressive array of antioxidants, including polyphenols and phytochemicals, which can help shield the skin from free radical damage when applied topically. By promoting cell and tissue regeneration, chamomile may help mitigate the visible signs of aging, revealing a smoother, more radiant complexion²⁸.

Topical applications:

Chamomile is a popular ingredient in skincare products, valued for its anti-inflammatory properties and potential to alleviate various dermatological conditions. In a clinical study, chamomile extract was applied to 14 patients following tattoo removal surgery, resulting in significant reductions in wound size and drying tendency. Another study compared the anti-inflammatory effects of topically applied witch hazel distillate, chamomile, and hydrocortisone cream in 24 patients, yielding notable results. Additionally, a study involving 50 women who underwent breast cancer surgery found that chamomile cream offered some protection against radiation-induced skin changes, although the differences were not statistically significant. In a further clinical trial, chamomile was used to treat UV-induced erythema, demonstrating its potential as a soothing agent²⁹.

Mild skin conditions:

Chamomile's anti-inflammatory properties can be harnessed through topical applications like lotions and soaps, but it's essential to perform a patch test beforehand to ensure tolerance³⁰.

Adverse Effects:

People with a history of severe allergies: Individuals with a confirmed allergy to plants like ragwort, daisies, chrysanthemums, or marigolds should exercise caution when using chamomile, as it belongs to the same plant family. There is a risk of an allergic cross-reaction, which could potentially trigger a severe and life-threatening response known as anaphylaxis.

Drug interactions:

Capitalizing on chamomile's benefits requires caution, particularly for individuals taking anticoagulant medications like warfarin, as chamomile may amplify their effects. To ensure safe consumption, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional before significantly increasing chamomile intake, especially for those with pre-existing medical conditions.

Pregnant people:

Although chamomile may offer relief for certain pregnancy-related discomforts, such as digestive issues, its regular consumption has raised concerns among health experts due to potential links to an increased risk of preterm labor and miscarriage. As a result, many healthcare professionals advise caution and consider chamomile tea potentially unsafe for pregnant individuals.

Infants and very young children:

Like honey and certain other natural products, chamomile tea may harbor botulism spores. While most adults can naturally combat a botulism infection, infants may be more vulnerable due to their underdeveloped immune systems. As a precaution, many healthcare professionals advise against giving honey and chamomile products to infants and young children, citing the potential risk of botulism.^31,32

Allergic Reactions:

Chamomile is a member of the Asteraceae family, which encompasses a range of plants including ragweed, daisies, marigolds, and chrysanthemums. As a result, individuals with allergies to these plants may be at risk of experiencing an allergic response when using products that contain chamomile. Potential symptoms of such a reaction can include localized redness, itching, swelling, and in more extreme cases and contact dermatitis³³.

Photosensitivity Toxic Effect:

The use of chamomile-based products, particularly those designed for prolonged skin contact like lotions and creams, can increase the risk of enhanced sun sensitivity. This is due to the presence of certain compounds in chamomile that may heighten the skin's susceptibility to UV radiation, potentially leading to adverse effects such as sunburn or photodermatitis³⁴.

Contamination with Pesticides or Adulterants Toxic Effect:

Chamomile products may pose a risk of contamination with harmful substances like pesticides, heavy metals, or adulterants, especially if they are manufactured without rigorous quality assurance measures. Such contamination can result in adverse health consequences, including skin irritation or even systemic toxicity, which can occur when these harmful substances are absorbed through the skin.³⁵

Cross-Reactivity with Other Allergens Toxic Effect:

People with a known allergy to chamomile may be at risk of experiencing cross-sensitivity with other allergens, particularly those belonging to the same plant family. This increased susceptibility can lead to unforeseen allergic reactions when using cosmetic products that contain chamomile, even if the individual has previously tolerated these products without issue³⁶.

Gastrointestinal Issues:

Consuming chamomile in excessive amounts or over an extended period can lead to stomach upset, potentially resulting in unpleasant symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. This highlights the importance of moderate use and awareness of individual sensitivity to chamomile³⁷.

Marketed Formulations:

Chamomile's versatility is reflected in its wide range of product forms, spanning from beverages like tea to solid dose forms such as capsules and tablets. The herb's soothing effects have inspired a variety of sleep-promoting products. Furthermore, chamomile's anti-inflammatory characteristics have been leveraged in topical skincare applications, including moisturizing creams and ointments. Aromatherapy products, featuring chamomile essential oils and diffusers, also capitalize on its calming benefits. This diverse array of products underscores chamomile's adaptability and broad appeal.

Homemade Remedies:

Chamomile Face Toner:

Add dried chamomile flowers in boiling water and let it cool. It can be used as a toner to balance skin pH and reduce inflammation.

Calming Chamomile Face Mask:

Mix dried chamomile flowers with honey and yogurt to make a soothing face mask. It can be applied for sensitive skin.

Soothing Chamomile Lip Balm:

Mix chamomile essential oil with coconut oil, beeswax and honey to create a calming lip balm.

Chamomile and Oatmeal Bath Soak:

Add dried chamomile flowers and oatmeal to your bath water for a relaxing and soothing soak.

Chamomile and Aloe Vera Gel:

Mix chamomile essential oil with aloe vera gel to create a calming and hydrating gel which can be used for skin irritations.

Chamomile and Rosewater Skin Refresher:

Mix chamomile essential oil with rosewater and witch hazel for a refreshing and calming skin toner.

Chamomile and Banana Face Mask:

Mash ripe banana and mix it with dried chamomile flowers and honey to prepare a nourishing and soothing face mask.

Chamomile and Shea Butter Body Butter:

Mix chamomile essential oil with shea butter and coconut oil to prepare a nourishing and calming body butter.

Chamomile Steam Inhalation for Respiratory Issues:

Inhaling chamomile steam can help alleviate symptoms of colds, sinusitis and respiratory infections. Inhale the calming benefits of chamomile by adding essential oil or dried flowers to hot water, then breathing in the steam under a towel for 5-10minutes³⁸.

Chamomile Face Mask for Glowing Skin:

Chamomile can help brighten the skin, reduce redness, and provide a natural glow due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Create a soothing face mask by combining 2 tablespoons of cooled chamomile tea with 1 tablespoon of honey and 1 tablespoon of yogurt. Apply the mixture evenly to your face and relax for 15-20 minutes before gently rinsing off with warm water³⁹.

Chamomile Toner for Sensitive Skin:

Chamomile can be used as a gentle toner to calm and soothe sensitive or irritated skin. Brew a strong chamomile tea and let it cool completely. Pour it into a clean spray bottle and use it as a facial toner. Spray it on your face after cleansing to soothe and hydrate your skin⁴⁰.

Chamomile Lip Balm for Chapped Lips:

Chamomile can help heal chapped lips and keep them moisturized. Infuse chamomile flowers in coconut oil by heating them together over low heat for about an hour. Strain the mixture and mix the infused oil with beeswax and a few drops of vitamin E oil. Pour into a small container and let it cool to form a solid balm⁴¹.

Chamomile Hair Lightening Spray:

Chamomile can naturally lighten hair and enhance blonde highlights, making it a popular ingredient in natural hair care. Brew a strong chamomile tea and let it cool. Pour the tea into a spray bottle and spray it onto your hair, focusing on the areas you want to lighten. Sit in the sun for 30-60 minutes to enhance the lightening effect⁴².

Chamomile and Oatmeal Body Scrub:

Mix 1/2 cup of finely ground oatmeal, 1/2 cup of sugar, and 1/4 cup of chamomile tea (cooled). Add 1/4 cup of coconut oil and mix well. Use this scrub in the shower, gently massaging it onto your skin in circular motions before rinsing off. This scrub helps exfoliate dead skin cells, soothe irritation, and leave the skin soft and smooth⁴³.

Chamomile Eye Cream for Puffy Eyes:

Chamomile's anti-inflammatory properties help reduce puffiness and dark circles around the eyes. Combine 2 tablespoons of chamomile tea (cooled) with 1 tablespoon of aloe vera gel and 1 teaspoon of almond oil. Apply a small amount under your eyes before bedtime⁴⁴.

Chamomile Nail Soak for Brittle Nails:

Chamomile can strengthen and nourish nails, making them less prone to breaking. Brew a strong chamomile tea and let it cool. Soak your nails in the tea for 10-15 minutes. Repeat this treatment 2-3 times a week for best results⁴⁵.

Chamomile Lotion for Dry Skin:

Chamomile-infused lotion can help hydrate and soothe dry, irritated skin. Infuse chamomile flowers in olive or almond oil by heating gently. Strain the oil and mix it with shea butter and a few drops of essential oil. Whip the mixture until it reaches a creamy consistency, and apply to dry skin as needed⁴⁶.

Chamomile Makeup Remover:

Chamomile can be used to create a gentle and effective makeup remover that soothes the skin while cleansing. Mix equal parts of chamomile tea (cooled) and coconut oil. Apply the mixture to a cotton pad and gently wipe away makeup. Rinse your face with warm water afterward⁴⁷.

Chamomile Acne Treatment:

Chamomile's anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties make it an effective treatment for acne and blemishes. Brew a strong chamomile tea and let it cool. Use a cotton pad to apply the tea to acne-prone areas. You can also mix chamomile tea with honey and apply it as a spot treatment, leaving it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing⁴⁸.

CONCLUSION:

Chamomile's cosmetic value is undeniable. It has been a important ingredient in cosmetic applications for centuries, renowned for its soothing, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties. chamomile's versatility and efficacy in cosmetic applications have been well-established, but its full potential is yet to be unlocked. As the cosmetic industry continues to evolve, chamomile's natural, gentle and effective properties make it an exciting ingredient for future exploration and development, poised to play a significant role in shaping the future of skincare and beauty. Overall, chamomile is a natural, versatile, and effective cosmetic ingredient.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

We hold no conflict of interest for the following manuscript.

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Received on 03.01.2025 Revised on 19.07.2025

Accepted on 22.11.2025 Published on 18.04.2026

Available online from April 25, 2026

Research J. Topical and Cosmetic Sci. 2026; 17(1):35-43.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5844.2026.00008

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Sr No	Type	Brand Name	Company Name	Dose	Price
1	Extract	Chamomile Extract, Alcohol Free, 2,400 mg, 1 fl oz	Nature's Answer	1-2 ml, 3 times a day with small amount of water	₹940.82
2	Lotion	Chamomile pH-Balanced Lotion 150ml	Beplain	Daily use	₹2100
3	Capsules	Chamomile Stress Support - Made with German Chamomile Flower - Herbal Supplement to Promote Stress, Relaxation and Sleep Support - Helps Easy	Swanson	As a dietary supplement, take 2 capsules two times per day with water	₹2968
4	Capsules	CHAMOMILE 1.2% Apigenin 600 mg Sleep, Relexation, Kidney and Urinary tract support VEGAN and NON-GMO	Trexgenics	2-3 times daily with water or supplementary food.	₹699
5	Face Wash	Chamomile and White Tea Skin Revival Face Wash (75ml)	Plum	2-3 times per day	₹ 315
6	Oil	Chamomile Essential Oil	Essancia oils	8-10 drops per use.	₹229
7	Moisturizer	Roman Chamomile and Rose Soothing Facial Toner Mist-100ml	Vanaura Organics	After every face wash on dry skin.	₹ 999
8	Oil	Chamomile Essential Oil - Reduces Blemishes, Evens Skin Tone - Relieves Stress, Better Sleep - 100% Pure Therapeutic Grade, 10 ml	Vaadi herbals Vaadi herbals	Add 2-3 drops to the cream, hair oil or moisturizer and use for body massage, hair or face.	₹278
9	Powder	Simply Chamomile 25 Tea bags	Organic India	3-4 cups daily, recommended without milk. Double the strength when serving iced.	₹185
10	Gummies	Stress Relief Gummies with Chamomile, Passion Flower, L-theanine, Sage and Holy Basil	What'sUp Wellness	One Gummy per day after a meal.	₹1349
11	Serum	No Salicylic Face Serum for Acne Prone Skin with Chamomile and Ceramides Lightweight Anti Acne Clarifying Serum without Salicylic Acid	Orimii	3-4 drops to damp face and neck, in AM and PM.	₹594.70
12	Hydrogel	Chamomile Lightening, Hydrogel Eye Mask, 60	Petitfee	Cleansing →Toner → Apply the patch → 10-15 min → Remove	₹1039.01
13	Powder	Chamomile whole flower Calming Herbal Tea	YOGAFY	Prepare about 1 g in 100 ml hot water.	₹269